~Final Essay~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~06/12/08~

Abstract:
In this paper I will show you what was needed in a leader to guide the 13 colonies through the American Revolution and how collaboration made it possible. I will use Founding Brothers by Joseph J. Ellis, YouTube.com, and Wikipedia to support my facts.

The American Revolution required an abundant amount of leadership. All of this leadership was shared among a group of men who worked together to create what we know today as the United States of America, independent from Britain. These men, including George Washington, John Adams Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison all had different specialties and talents that they shared to collaborate and lead the American Revolution.

There are many different traits a leader can have. Depending on what you are leading some traits are more important than others. When leading a revolution you need a leader that can stay calm and is cool headed, someone who has experience in the military. Other important traits would be persuasion and boldness to stand up for what you believe. Sometimes it is also necessary to be elegant and stealthy. All of these characteristics are great in themselves, but when you put them together you get something magnificent.

George Washington was a very big man, tall broad shoulders, and it gave him an heir that people respected. He was very calm and collected and was able to think things through in a stressful situation. This "coolness" is what made him a great military leader. He was respected by all and was courageous. He was looked upon as a role model. One example of his true character was his retirement. As Washington grew older he knew that his time had come to hand over the reins of the United States. "The firm tone of his mind, for which he had been remarkable, was beginning to relax; a listlessness of labor, a desire for tranquility had crept on him, and a willingness to let others act, or even think for him"(1) It was the way he went about the whole situation that was remarkable. He had all the power in his hands, "He holds levees like a King, receives congratulations on his birthday like a King, employs his old enemies like a King...."(2), and yet he gave it up because he realized that he was incapable of doing the best that someone else could do at that point in his life. It takes a man to be a King, it takes a leader to give it up.

To be able to lead a population you have to have their support. John Adams specialty was public speaking and persuasion. His favorite form of conversation was an argument.(3) Adams could be heard at the Continental Congress meetings expressing his opinion about the colonies being independent from Britain. "My judgment approves this measure and my whole heart is in it. All that I have, all that i am, and all that I hope in this life I am now ready to stake up on it. While I live let me have a country....a free country!"(4) This is part of the speech that was heard at the continental congress as Adams was trying to convince the colonies to unite. He was successful and the Declaration of Independence was written. "The resolution to draft independent constitutions was, as Adams put it, 'independence itself'."(5)

One of the most important qualities of being a leader is to be able to collaborate with others. Leading a revolution or war is not a task that can be done alone. Adams and Jefferson came together through the revolution and made a very unique pair. Adams was short and stout and a very improvisational, mile-a-minute talker who knew how to convince people of what he wanted. Adams and Jefferson were like the sun and the moon; completely different. Jefferson was tall, dark and hansom with a very elegant style and he believed that argument was "a violation of the natural harmonies he heard inside his head".(6)

Adams and Jefferson had worked side by side in the continental congress, having different views of how freedom from Britain should be accumulated. Their next collaboration was in drafting the Declaration of Independence. In 1784 Jefferson was considered family to the Adams and the true friendship began. Adams and Jefferson had different political views but were very close to each other at heart. This makes the collaboration stronger.

Adams and Jefferson were not the only people who collaborated throughout the revolution to make it a success. Early on before the revolution Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison had a sit down to discuss their problems. Jefferson was trying to help smooth things out between Hamilton and Madison. As they collaborated they came up with an agreement; Madison would not vote for Hamilton's plan but he would hold his tongue and let it have its fate. In return Hamilton used his influence to make sure that the Potomac River was the permanent residence of the national capital.

A leader can be described as having many different traits or qualities and those qualities can be superb, but when they are put together with other leaders who have different qualities you get a leader that can accomplish anything. Like the old saying, "Two heads are better than one", two leaders are better than one, or in this case, multiple leaders are better than one. Without the collaboration of Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, Adams, and Washington the United States would not have made it through the revolution. Combining each of their talents into a "super leader" made the colonies unstoppable.

Sources
(1) Founding Brothers, pg. 125

(2) Founding Brothers, pg. 127

(3) Found Brothers, pg. 163

(4) John Adams - God Save The American States (youtube) 3:30

(5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams#Continental_Congress

(6) Founding Brothers, pg. 163

~My Dear Brohers...I Am Proposing WAR!~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~05/13/08~

My dear brothers, I speak to you today to propose a new idea. Something I am sure many of you will oppose. I can only hope that after presenting to you the following information you will agree with me and support me.

Britain is our mother country. She has been great to us through the years. Keeping us under her wing and protecting us in times of need. Together we have defeated the French! This victory that seems so great is not a blessing brought forth but rather a calamity in disguise.

Ever since we left Britian and settled in New England they have been trying to get us to come back and in doing so have been making it hard for us here in America. This all began with the Navigation Acts in 1660. With these acts Britain declared that only British ships would carry things to and fro of Britain. Any other trading with outside parties would have to go through England of Whales first, be unloaded, checked, and reloaded before it could make a sucessful trip. This caused the price for trading to go up, therefore dangling a small carrot in front of our eyes to get us to go back to the mother land.

The next hit from Britain was the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1773. They knew that molasses was a commonly used ingredient in making rum. The West Indies Islands were much cheaper in selling molasses than Britain itself was. Instead of banning import from the West Indies so that we would have to buy from Britain they decided to put taxes on the molasses that we imported. At this point they had stuck us in a pickle; either buy from Britain or pay taxes.

Once again trying to get out of debt by taxing us they came up with the Stamp Act in 1765. Any document we made had to have a taxed stamp on it. This was a plain black and white infringement on our rights as englishmen, and to top it all off, "None of the revenue from the Stamp Act was targeted at reducing the national debt." All of the money from the stamp act went into the defence that they sent over here for us to defend our new established lands. Every other minute they were creating "acts" to get more money from us.

I leave the "acts" behind us and bring up the Boston Massacre. Our mother country has been so gracious as to provide us with defences....at our own cost. The soldiers do a marvolous job at defending and standing guard...until they are teased by a little boy; at which point they loose their cool and knock the boy out with a musket. A crowd gathers and as the evening passes it grows. The soldier retreats back and calls in reinforcements. One of the reinforcements has fallen down to the ground from a club hit. The crowd is taunting, "Fire, fire". As the fallen soldier gets to his feet in anger he demands, "Fire". As I am sure you all recall and understand, I would like to recap the happenings that day. The defences that our mother country provided for us fired into a crowd of our own, killing 5 colonists.

But you know, they did not stop there. The Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 were many a result of the Boston Tea Party. Many of these acts directly infringing on the rights of us englishmen and only benefitting the British. I bring all of these horrible events to your attention so as to propose a new idea, Independance from Britain. Now, I know from reading

The Massachusetts Spy on July 7, 1774, that some of you characterized independence as “a tree of forbidden and accursed fruit, which if any colony on this continent should be so mad as to attempt teaching, the rest would have virtue and wisdom enough to draw their swords and hew the traitors into submission, if not into loyalty.” But I say, something must be done.

In the beggining, some of these acts were tollerable. But will they ever stop? The anwer is quite clear; as long as we stay attached to Britain she is going to use us as we are not at her convenience on her own land. I think we all agree that we need independance from Britain!

But wait you say, why should all of the colonies take action for something that is only dealing with Massachusettes? I shall answer with a question back to you; are we not the thirteen colonies of America? Should we not stick together and defend each other? If we do sit back and wait won't Britain attack the rest of us? I think it is clear that trying to be nice and rolling with the punches of what Britain throws at us will get us no where. Take for example the Stamp Act. We rebelled in a small manner, and look at what happened, the act was repealed. The cure to our problem is ACTION! Our rights and freedom are on the line now. The very things that these colonies were founded on are on the line! We need to act and it needs to be now before Britain has to much control over us.

My dear brothers......I am proposing WAR!

Sources used that are not linked at some point in my essay.

http://www.americanrevolution.com/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEBGrCb-rVU

~Can A Civilization Develop/Advance Living In Cyclical Time?~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~04/16/08~

Abstract:

This paper will prove that a civilization can advance and develop living in cyclical time. I will use various internet sources as well as The Wealth and Poverty of Nations by

David S. Landes.

A civilization can advance and develop living in cyclical time. The Native Americans lived in cyclical time and developed their own way of living and advancements. Along with Native Americans the Ancient Greeks and the Egyptians also lived in cyclical time and had no problem advancing and developing a civilization.

Cyclical time is compared to looking at the pattern of life as a circle. Linear time is looking at the pattern of life as an on going progression. In linear time you look ahead to the future, you predict and plan for the future. Cyclical time is very much the opposite. Spring comes, (birth) then summer is here, (thriving point of life) then fall and winter bring the death; with the pattern repeating, starting with the rebirth in spring. There is no prediction of the future, it is all living in the moment and what is necessary to stay alive now.

The American Indians lived in cyclical time. They did not think about their need for more food in the future because of population growth, nor did they see the need to advance their civilization because it was working fine for them at the time. Their civilization although it hay not have been as advanced as those around it was plenty advanced for what they needed to do to survive. They could properly feed and clothe themselves, they had houses to live in, and they had established their own kind of government.

The Native Americans were not the only culture living in cyclical time that were advanced in some way. The ancient greeks were guided by the changing of the seasons and the migration of animal herds and without their advancements many things could not have been achieved in other civilizations and today. Heronas originated the automatic doors that we see everywhere today. He is also responsible for the first steam engine which was run off of methods that we still use today.

Egypt being as advanced, maybe even more advanced than the ancient greeks ran on cyclical time. The birth of classical greece from the dark ages is laid on egypt's shoulders. All fo the advancements they had made they passed along to the Greeks which helped them come out of their 500 year re-developmetn. Egypt had many of the world's firsts. The first library, the first physician, they created geometry, astronomy and were among the first to explore the human beings existence. Along with these advancements they also built the sphinx and were the only culture to raise pyramids.

As you can see from the Native Americans, the Ancient Greeks and the Egyptians a civilization can advance and develop living in cyclical time. There is no need to see the future [and how the advancements of today can help people of tomorrow] to advance today.

~Change Over Time~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~04/16/08~

Between the time of the founding of Jamestown and the American Revolution the natives were in a continuous cultural revolution because of their contact with the Europeans. Religion was one major revolution to the natives brought on by the Europeans, whereas health was another. Throughout this cultural revolution the way the natives are looked at through English eyes has not changed.

The natives were a very spiritual people. Everything that they did in life was for a purpose. They had certain ways to deal with the animals and crops as to satisfy the gods and to help them prosper. When the Europeans came, the natives way of living changed dramatically. The Europeans were Christians and had the idea in their head that they were going to convert all of the natives to Christianity. They saw the natives as nothing more than savages and were hoping that by converting them to Christianity they would civilize them. The natives did not like being told that the way they had been living their lives was wrong. Many generations had been living this way and they could see nothing wrong with it. Still the Europeans converted! They created praying towns which were towns that were made of all Christian Indians and where English customs and trades were taught in addition to religious instruction. What the natives didn't realize was that by learning Christianity, they were learning the english language, which would slowly made them less like themselves and more like the Europeans. By 1650 most Indians were in praying towns and in 1680 there were over 700 praying Indians.

Another way the natives were impacted by the Europeans was their health. When the Europeans came over they brought with them epidemics and diseases that the natives had never seen before. The Europeans had a lifestyle of living in close quarters with domesticated animals usually used for farming. When the natives were hit with smallpox, typhus, measles and many others they had no immunity built up to them and therefore came upon them one of the largest population decreases ever recorded in history; some say up to 95% of the native population died. Along with the diseases that the Europeans brought they also needed food which had to be provided by the natives. Where the Europeans were used to using domesticated animals for their food they had no idea how to hunt in the wild, therefore the providing of food depended completely on the natives. This put more stress on the natives as well as decreasing their amount of food.

Through all of these changes that the natives went through there was one thing that never changed, the way the Europeans looked at or saw the natives. The natives never changed in the eyes of the Europeans. They were always inferior to them and were seen as not really useful. The only thing that the Europeans could see that they needed the natives for was food, but the Europeans figured out how to hunt soon after they came over.

Dear Reader,

I am writting today on the fourteenth of April in the year two thousand and eight. I am recalling myself to life to tell you about the plan of union for Albany. In July of 1754 there was a war on the horizon. The French were crawling into American country and interrupting the lifestyles of the Indians. I believe it was well known that the Indian colonies could not survive on their own; hence my plan of union. My intent with this union was to bring all of the colonies together to make them stronger and capable to defeat the enemy. I am not affraid to say that i failed; the Crown disapproved my plan. I put alot of time and effort into my plan and was not the most joyful person at the Crown's decision. My best wishes to any plan that you may come up with!

B. Franklin

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin

Ashlee Lawrence

April 15, 2008

Honors History 10

Being Ben Franklin and all I would like to take this time to share with you my marvelous, yet not so successful Plan of Union for Albany. In July of 1754 a war was on the horizon. The French were crawling into American country and interrupting the lifestyles of the Indians. I believe it was well known that the Indian colonies could not survive on their own; therefore there was a need for a “plan of union”.

Commissioners from each colony gathered together at Albany to come up with a plan. They knew it would be hard; most of the colonies could see nothing good from the others. They were commonly feeling that they wouldn’t want to help defend a colony that in return might not help defend them. Why would they want to disrupt their time of peace with the enemy to help someone else and potentially put themselves in danger? It seemed impossible to get each colony to agree to act as one in defense against the French. Therefore it was necessary for parliament to take action if the union was going to stay together. And so the journey began of unity.

One original thought was to create two or three distinct unions. After drafting this proposal even the ones who suggested it declined it. It was a bad idea for many reasons. First, you were still lacking the strength of combining all of the colonies. Yes it was better than having single colonies out to defend themselves, but it wasn’t enough for preservation. Second, some of the colonies were naturally stronger than others. If they were paired with only one or two other colonies there wouldn’t be equality and that would weaken the union. Overall, having all of the commissioners together would give them a better understanding of everyone in the colonies, therefore allowing them to provide for each other in a better manner.

Each having governments that were run differently, the only common ground they could find was their representatives. After the act had passed the house of representatives that was in office at the time would pick the representatives for the united colonies. The number of representatives from each colony would be determined by the population, with the parameters of having no less than two but no more than seven to represent each colony. Elections would last three years and as the population would fluctuate the number of representatives would be taken from the population paying taxes at the end of the third year of the election. The number of representatives would have been as follows: Massachusetts’s Bay and Virginia having 7; New Hampshire and Rhode Island having 2; Connecticut having 5; New York, Maryland and North and South Carolina all having 4; Pennsylvania having 6; and New Jersey having 3.

Seems how the colonies were spread out, Philadelphia was selected as the nearest to the center of all. The roads surrounding it were well built and forty to fifty miles could be and were travelled on them a day. Much of the traveling could be done by water in the summer time. For the unfortunate ones like New Hampshire and South Carolina the journey on horseback could set them back a good 15 to 20 days. This brought up another issue.

Soldiers may from time to time be needed in emergency to defend a specific geographical destination of the union. If you have some soldiers that can’t make it to your destination for a good 15 days how are they going to be of any help in the emergency situation? An excessive amount of money is going to be spent on getting them there and the event will most likely be taken care of by the time they do get there. This problem was thought to be solved by offering bounty money and having soldiers raised right where they would be needed, ready to be discharged when their services were of no longer of use.

In the terms of money and traveling each representative would be paid some wages. (Not too much, so that unsuitable persons should be tempted to join for the sake of gain, but enough so that people of greater knowledge would be willing to put in their time.) These members would have to travel to an annual meeting where sufficient business would be discussed to improve the efficiency of the union. The president general was left at liberty to place the meeting when and where he saw fit. In time of war the preferred meeting place may be where the most action is taking place. He also had the authority to call emergency meetings which in some cases could cause frequent long journeys that were unnecessary therefore the consent of at least seven colonies was needed to proceed with a meeting of this sort.

After many revisions and days of deliberation the Crown did not approve my plan of union. Although there were many advantages of uniting these eleven colonies, the Crown did not see a need for it. In previous times these colonies had defended themselves without the help of neighboring provinces or the mother country and turned out just fine. However, a change was made and a new plan was approved. In this new plan the governors from all of the colonies along with one or two of its respected members would be present at a meeting to discuss the defense of the whole as well as the erection of forts where needed along with troops, all the while having the power to draw money from the treasury to be reimbursed by a tax laid on the colonies by parliament.

Sometimes the best solution for a group of peoples is just out of reach for what you have to work with. My draft for Albany’s Plan of Union was just the case. With the right people it would have been a success, but in order to unite you have to have peace, and it was a long shot to peace with these eleven colonies!

Artwork

Eden

http;//www.thejnp.com/JNP/Artea_files/eden.jpg

~Interaction Between Natives and English Colonies~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~03/04/08~

Abstract: This paper compares and contrasts the interactions between the Jamestown settlers and the natives of their land and the Massachusetts settlers and the natives of their land. It also applies the relationships to give an insight on the Massacre of Wounded Knee. There is support from various online sites listed below.

1)http://chnm.gmu.edu/7tah/units_7tah.php?seventahid=14

2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Powhatan_War

3)http://womenhistory.blogspot.com/2007/10/native-americans-and-massachusetts-bay.html

4)http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/knee.htm

The Jamestown and Massachusetts settlements both involved contact with the Native Americans. This contact was similar and different in many ways. One way it was different was the first intentions of the settlers. When the Jamestown colonists sailed into Fort Henry they did not see the Native Americans as someone to live peacefully with. They saw them as people who were not Christians and therefore had no right to the land. The Jamestown colonists however were not acclimated to this new land and were quickly dieing of salt water poisoning, starvation, or diseases they got from the mosquitoes. The settlement was saved by the leadership John Smith. He became friends with "Pocahontas" (the Chief Powhatan's daughter) and formed a peace treaty with the Powhatan's. The Natives shared their food with the colonists and taught them how to grow their own corn and tobacco. The natives were the last strand of life in the settlement for the Jamestown colonists.

The interaction between the English settlers and the natives became aggressive when John Smith was wounded in an accidental gun powder explosion. After this accident the natives saw no good coming from the English, so they captured and killed their new leader John Ratcliffe. The English began raiding the natives villages , burning their crop fields, and burning their houses. Opechancanough the natives chief came back with counter attacks and laid siege to the English colonies at Jamestown almost driving them out. The First Anglo-Powtan War was ended in 1614 and was sealed by the marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas; making this the first inter-racial union in Virginia. The English wouldn't stop until they were in control of the land. This brought on the Second Anglo-Powtan War. This time the natives were defeated by the English and were nearly exterminated. This was a foreshadow to the reservations that the natives would soon experience.

As you can see the interaction between the Jamestown settelers and the natives was not a very good relationship. The Massachusetts settelers had a little bit different look on things when they came to America but some of the same outcome.

The Massachusetts settlers were the Pilgrims, a group of Puritans. They thought when coming to America that they would have brand new land to explore and develop. When they arrived and found all kinds of natives roaming around, all speaking different languages and having different styles of living they saw them as inferior because of their primitive lifestyle. Because the Pilgrims saw the natives as inferior they thought they could easily convert them to Christianity. The natives saw this as a way for the Pilgrims to take over the land. When converting to Christianity the natives had to give up their language and "abandon" their loved ones who would not convert. To the Pilgrims this was a way of breaking up the natives and making them weaker in defenses.

The Puritans also had a different way of viewing land than the natives. To the natives who are constantly moving about, sharing everything they have and being equal, "private property" was foreign. The Puritans brought on this "discriminating" use of land and expected the natives to live with the new ways. In 1636, the Pequot War broke out with the Puritans slaughtering the natives. Again in 1676 the natives came out against the Puritans, this time with the help of Puritan allies like the Narragansetts in King Philip's War. Despite the natives rigorous attempts to defeat the Puritans they failed. Just the opposite of the Jamestown colonists who became sick because of the natives diseases the natives became sick from the Puritans diseases that they brought with them and most of them died. By 1670, there were 52,000 colonists in New England, and they already outnumbered the natives by three to one.

As you can see the relationships between the Jamestown settlers and the Massachusetts settlers with the natives of their land were not very good. In this aspect the relationships are similar. They differ in the intentions of the settlers and in the tactics/ways of over-powering the natives. By looking at these interactions we can better understand latter incidents between Native Americans and the English, for instance the Battle of Wounded Knee.

'Do not fear, but let your hearts be strong. Many soldiers are about us and have many bullets, but I am assured their bullets cannot penetrate us. The prairie is large, and their bullets will fly over the prairies and will not come toward us. If they do come toward us, they will float away like dust in the air.'

The Native Americans had a strong faith and trusted one another very much. In both settlements they were, in a sense, one step ahead of the settlers in that they could survive off of the land without tools that the English had. The native Americans had a way of living that the English were not accustomed to. The English wanted to make the natives like them; or as I rephrase, the English wanted to take these primitive acting natives and shape them into people that they could use, and/or manipulate.

The Massacre at Wounded Knee was caused by the English being skeptical of the natives rituals....way of life. A Paiute shaman called Wovoka preached that a "tidal wave" of new soil would cover the earth burying the whites and restoring the prairie. To quicken the arrival of this event the natives were to dance the Ghost Dance wearing Ghost Shirts. Many of the dancers wore brightly colored shirts that had images of eagles and buffaloes on them. These "Ghost Shirts" they believed would protect them from the bullets that would be fired by the English. It was the spreading of this Ghost Dance throughout the Sioux villages throughout the Dakota reservations that brought fear to the whites.

"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy....We need protection and we need it now. The leaders should be arrested and confined at some military post until the matter is quieted, and this should be done now." This was the start of the Massacre at Wounded Knee. In essence caused by the distrust and hatred between the English and the native Americans.

Exam #1

Can a civilization advance/develop living in cyclical time?

*sorry I didn't get it to you on Tuesday. I had it with me and forgot to give it to you. Then I was planning on giving it to you today but we don't have school!!

A Nutter Way to Live

Harold & Mille Nutter- St. Albans, ME

Ashlee Lawrence

Ms. Lind – Mr. Viles

Honors English/History

January 14, 2008

Lawrence

Outline

I. Introduction

A. The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter, my grandparents.

B. The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter had an impact/influence on other people in Maine and around the world.

II. Wars

A. WWII

1. Amos A. Lawrence

2. Walter T. Nutter

3. George Harold Nutter

B. Red Cross Program

1. Changing Focus

2. Marjorie Heath Mower

3. State Oriented

C. Civil Defense Organization

1. Civil Defense Committees

2. What the Committees Do

3. St. Albans Evacuation Plan

III. Agriculture

A. Down on the Farm

1. This They Found, Poem

2. The Farm in General

3. Mille’s Parents on the Farm

B. Living on the Farm as a Child (Interview with Bonnie Lawrence)

1. Chores

2. Having Fun

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3. Influence on Life

IV. Transportation

A. Roads

1. Roads Today vs. Back Then

2. Highway Districts

3. Wagons

B. Ford Model T

1. “Car that put America on wheels”

2. Stats

3. Crank Start

IV. State Kids

A. Three State Children

1. Lane

2. Carol and Scott

B. Effects on Harold and Mille’s Kids

1. Jealousy

2. Sharing

3. Looking Back

V. Conclusion

A. The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter had an impact/influence on other people in Maine and around the world.

B. Wars, Agriculture, Transportation, State Kids

C. The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter had an impact/influence on other people in Maine and around the world.

Lawrence 3

Ashlee Lawrence

Ms. Lind – Mr. Vales

Honors English/History

January 14, 2008

A Nutter Way to Live

Harold & Mille Nutter – St. Albans, ME

Harold and Mille Nutter live in St. Albans and are my grandparents. Mille was born February 2, 1927 in Dyer Brook, ME. She attended Dyer Brook school up to 7^th grade and then went to St. Albans school her 8^th grade year. For High School she went to the Hartland Academy. She graduated from Hartland Academy and went to Maine School of Commerce which is present day Husson College. She was married at 19, divorced at 30 and married Harold at age 31.

Harold was born October 18, 1926 in St. Albans, ME. He completed only grammar school at St. Albans. After grammar school he hauled milk to Detroit and worked in the Tannery in Hartland. At age 18 he joined the service. He was married at 21, divorced at 31 and married Mille at age 31.

Though Harold and Mille Nutter are just two people in a small town in Maine their lives have impacted/ influenced people in Maine and around the world. Harold served in WWII, they sold agriculture to the town and communities around them, and they raised children of the state who otherwise would have had a pretty hard childhood.

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St. Albans being the small town that it is was very active in wars over the years. I am very proud to say that I have family members who served in these wars. My great grandfather Amos A. Lawrence and my great uncle Walter T. Nutter served in WWII as well as my grandfather George Harold Nutter who was stationed in the Philippines and Japan. Over 100 St. Albans residents fought in WWII.

Along with the war servants St. Albans had a highly efficient Red Cross Program. This program organized in 1917 was a member of the Waterville chapter and was locally run. In the time of a year there were 100 members. The programs focus changed during WWII, focusing more on preparedness. It was lead by a Lady who had served in WWI in England and France, Marjorie Heath Mower. In helps to prepare people for anything that may come their way she conducted well attended First Aid classes and Community Safety classes. Over the years the program went from locally run to state oriented; this caused all actions to come from a central office and personal service in the program dwindled.

The use of the atomic bomb in WWII gave reason to have a Civil Defense Organization. In 1952 Civil Defense Committees were formed all throughout the United States. The Civil Defense office in Augusta appointed Everett Graham as director and Ruth Powers as the Women’s Civil Defense Chairman. These committees planned protection for many events including bomb shelters for schools, police duties, medical needs and fallout from bomb attacks. The organization in St. Albans was able to create an evacuation plan that would deliver all school children safely to their homes within 30 minutes of an enemy attack. After a few years, enemy attacks and threats had diminished and the organization became inactive.

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This They Found (In St. Albans, ME)

Logs for a cabin,

Wood for a fire

Moonlight for dreaming,

Land for desire.

Pine for a cradle,

Oak for a plow,

Black earth and sunshine

Breeze on the brow.

Dawn and day ending

In flame on the skies,

Sunlight for laughter,

Stars for their eyes.

Time and the season

Set by their toil,

Strength in blue distance,

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Pride in tilled soil.

Peace like a prayer,

Unbroken sod,

Where man walked along

And listened to God.

(History of St. Albans Maine pg.55)

This poem written by Ramona Vernon is the perfect picture of a St. Albans farmer. Living off the land that God has blessed you with. My grandmother Mille Nutter grew up on a farm. Her family had a large assortment of animals including, horses, cows, sheep, turkeys, hens, pigs and ducks. In the spring they would sheer the sheep and sell the wool and in the fall they would sell the lambs. That was just one part of the farm. They also planted potatoes, “Because that’s what you did in Aroostook county” according to Mille. They had big gardens to grow vegetables in to sell and they also had an apple orchard. When Mille was a child her father, “Almost acting as a vet” went around to the different farms and fixed the horses teeth and helped keep the animals in good health. Her mother would also go around to the different farms, but she picked up cream and delivered it to Patten to be made into butter.

My mother Bonnie is the daughter of Harold and Mille, therefore she grew up on a farm. She says it was a lot of hard work. You had to shovel manure, feed the animals, water the animals and catch them when they got out. It wasn’t all work though. You got to ride the horses and ponies, “We even rode our cows”, she said, “and there were always baby animals around so

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that made it fun too”! Farming can be looked at as a job, but I believe it’s a lifestyle. When asked if growing up on a farm influenced her life today, Bonnie said yes. It makes me think twice before going out and getting pets like horses or cows because I have been there and done that and I know how much work it is. The animals may be fun to have around but they are almost like a child, they depend on you for a lot and you have to be ready to take care of them. It has also influenced my life in that I am country girl, home raised. Farming brings you closer to the earth that God has created for us. You learn to love the outdoors and enjoy working with it.

In the early days traveling was on a strictly need to go basis. There were no roads but the paths that were taken were beaten down by horses and feet. The planning and ingenuity of the people back then is very much appreciated as many of the roads that we travel today in St. Albans follow those same paths that were beaten down many years ago.

One of the earlier surveyors of St. Albans was Capt. Ambrose Finson who helped lay out roads and townships. In the 1820’s St. Albans was divided into Highway Districts. This resulted in better quality roads as men were appointed at the town meetings to take care of a certain district. This also made the roads accessible to vehicles, which would be a big help starting in 1840. Wagons without springs, although a bumpy ride, were a great improvement from walking. They were introduced in 1840 and around a decade later spring wagons were seen in the town.

The first car that Harold and Mille had was a crank start Ford Model T. These Model T’s were generally regarded as the “first affordable automobile, the car that put America on wheels”. They had a 4.9 Liter, 4-cylinder motor mounted on the front. They averaged about 13 to 21mpg and were capable of running on gasoline or ethanol with a ten gallon tank. The process of the

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crank start was basically generating enough energy to create a spark to ignite the engine; equal to what today’s alternators do.

Somewhat like Foster Care now, my grandparents Harold and Mille had state children. Mille applied and the people came and talked to her. She ended up having three children. Lane, a three year-old was their first state child and then a while later they got Carol and Scott who were five and six. Carol and Scott only lived with them for about three years. After that they went to what is now Skills, in Hartland. There was some jealousy between Harold and Mille’s kids and the state kids. It was nice having a bunch of kids around when it was time for chores but the Nutter’s were unable to go places a lot because they had so many children and it was hard to take them all. Bonnie says that it was definitely different having even more children around. When you don’t have much to share in the beginning and then you have to share it with even more people that kind of stinks. She had to share her room again, and her sisters and she were quite often jealous of the state kids. Looking back now she sees that it helped them a lot and is glad that she was a part of it.

The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter had an impact/ influence on other people in Maine and around the world. St. Albans as a town was very active in the wars with the many soldiers and organizations they had. The farms were very important parts of lives; including income, recreation and influence on later lives. The roads have changed while still remaining the same and the mode of transportation has evolved. Last but not least, the lives of somewhat helpless children where saved by the Nutter’s. All in all, without the Nutter family there would have been one less WWII soldier, one less farm to produce agriculture for the community and state, one

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less Ford Model T bought, and three more state children raised by the state with no real family. The lives of Harold and Mille Nutter had an impact/influence on other people in Maine and around the world.

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Works Cited

“Ford Model T” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 8 January 2008. 13 January 2008

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T>

Knowles, Ruth. Gladys Bigelow. History of St. Albans Maine. Ruth Knowles Gladys Bigelow, 1982

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Works Consulted

Nutter, Harold & Mille

Personal Interview, 2 December 2007

Lawrence, Bonnie

Personal Interview, 13 January 2008

~MIDTERM~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~01/16/08~

Abstract: This paper will show you that it is the trend of the western civilization to cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, and try to clarify and define ends, the better to chose means. I will support this thesis with The World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman, The Wealth and Poverty Of Nations by David Landes and my own knowledge of Humanism, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This is important because history repeats itself. We as the up and coming future can look at this information and be well aware of what we should prepare for.

Yes, the lesson from the past 600 years is that we need to keep trying. With the flattening of the world everything is constantly changing. To stay stagnant would just not do! Referencing the you tube video the world is constantly changing. We are living in it and we don't even realize that its going on. It's kind of like the fact that we don't realize the world is moving under us.

Cultivating a skeptical faith. In the time of humanism there was allot of skeptical faith. People were starting to believe that scientific evidence was better to believe than the church which had been the source of all true for practically eternity. This also brings us to avoiding dogma. The Church was definitely dogma back in the humanism era. As I said before it was the source of all truth. When Martin Luther came in and presented his 95 thesis about why the Catholic Church was wrong people were against him for a while. They weren't avoiding dogma and they were cultivating a skeptical faith. The Church had a way of living and expected everyone to live by it. When someone came about that didn't believe that or came in with new evidence they were not looked upon favorably.

The flattening of the world caused and is causing a skeptical faith. There is so much new information and advancements coming out that people wonder if it is really a good thing. What was wrong with the way people did it back in the olden days? The answer is nothing. There is nothing wrong with the way people lived a long time ago. The thing is, back then there was no need to be able to communicate with someone around the world or to even be able to call your neighbor. Now that we have access to jobs that are around the world we have a need to communicate with them. The flattening of the world is defining our goals in the future so that we can get there easier.

To listen and watch well. A good example of this would be the industrial revolution. Britain had made mistake after mistake to get to where they were with their machinery and products and everyone around them was paying attention so that they could be equal to Britain. In some ways even though Britain was ahead they were falling behind because wages were allot more abroad. All of their skilled craftsmen were leaving the country, leaving Britain to fall behind while the other countries came ahead.

Clarifying the ends, better to chose means is a very good statement. It simply means that you define your goals so that you can choose better ways to get there. When countries were looking at Britain they thought, "We want to be where they are". They were setting their goals. By knowing where they wanted to end up they could determine how they wanted to get there. In some ways they got there by sending their craftsmen over as spies so they could see how Britain's factories worked so that when their craftsmen came back they could start up their own factories.

As you can see, the trend of the western civilization in the past 600 years is to cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to chose means. This is shown through Humanism, the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in how they have handled these situations, that they have all faced.

Bibs.

Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: W,W, Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.

Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: W,W, Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.

~MIDTERM~

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~01/16/08~

Abstract: This paper will show you that it is the trend of the western civilization to cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, and try to clarify and define ends, the better to chose means. I will support this thesis with The World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman, The Wealth and Poverty Of Nations by David Landes and my own knowledge of Humanism, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This is important because history repeats itself. We as the up and coming future can look at this information and be well aware of what we should prepare for.

Yes, the lesson from the past 600 years is that we need to keep trying. With the flattening of the world everything is constantly changing. To stay stagnant would just not do! Referencing the you tube video the world is constantly changing. We are living in it and we don't even realize that its going on. It's kind of like the fact that we don't realize the world is moving under us.

Cultivating a skeptical faith. In the time of humanism there was allot of skeptical faith. People were starting to believe that scientific evidence was better to believe than the church which had been the source of all true for practically eternity. This also brings us to avoiding dogma. The Church was definitely dogma back in the humanism era. As I said before it was the source of all truth. When Martin Luther came in and presented his 95 thesis about why the Catholic Church was wrong people were against him for a while. They weren't avoiding dogma and they were cultivating a skeptical faith. The Church had a way of living and expected everyone to live by it. When someone came about that didn't believe that or came in with new evidence they were not looked upon favorably.

The flattening of the world caused and is causing a skeptical faith. There is so much new information and advancements coming out that people wonder if it is really a good thing. What was wrong with the way people did it back in the olden days? The answer is nothing. There is nothing wrong with the way people lived a long time ago. The thing is, back then there was no need to be able to communicate with someone around the world or to even be able to call your neighbor. Now that we have access to jobs that are around the world we have a need to communicate with them. The flattening of the world is defining our goals in the future so that we can get there easier.

To listen and watch well. A good example of this would be the industrial revolution. Britain had made mistake after mistake to get to where they were with their machinery and products and everyone around them was paying attention so that they could be equal to Britain. In some ways even though Britain was ahead they were falling behind because wages were allot more abroad. All of their skilled craftsmen were leaving the country, leaving Britain to fall behind while the other countries came ahead.

Clarifying the ends, better to chose means is a very good statement. It simply means that you define your goals so that you can choose better ways to get there. When countries were looking at Britain they thought, "We want to be where they are". They were setting their goals. By knowing where they wanted to end up they could determine how they wanted to get there. In some ways they got there by sending their craftsmen over as spies so they could see how Britain's factories worked so that when their craftsmen came back they could start up their own factories.

As you can see, the trend of the western civilization in the past 600 years is to cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to chose means. This is shown through Humanism, the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in how they have handled these situations, that they have all faced.

Bibs.

Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: W,W, Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.

Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: W,W, Norton & Company, 1999. 168-291.

Industrial Revolution

MENTAL OR MATERIAL?

~Ashlee Lawrence~Honors History 10~12/21/07~

Abstract:

This paper will show you that the industrial revolution was a material revolution. I will support my thesis with The Wealth and Poverty of Nations by David S. Landes , MerriamWebster.com, Eighteenth Century Inventions 1700 - 1799, and 123helpme.com "Industrial Revolution".

The industrial revolution was a material revolution. If you look up “industry ” on Merriam Webster it will tell you that it means “systematic labor especially for some useful purpose or the creation of something of value’. The industrial revolution majorly changed the way people lived and worked. With mechanization products could be made multiple times faster and with fewer mistakes.

Examples of inventions to make products faster would be: the flying shuttle, invented by John Kay. This invention was an improvement to looms that helped weavers weave faster. Another would be the water frame, invented by Richard Arkwright. This was the first powered textile machine. To look at it another way division of labor sped up the manufacturing process. Each person worked on one small part of the product not knowing what the whole finished product looked like. When you don’t see the future of what you are making you could care less about how nice a job you do. None of the workers would pay any attention to detail because they constantly did the same thing over and over again.

With agriculture being a major part of life, there was a big change when for instance Jethro Tull developed a seed drill which planted seeds in straight rows. Then came the change from the wooden plows to the iron plows. Iron was one of those items that Britain had figured out and France was still trying to catch up with. With all of these agricultural advancements coming about people’s lives improved because they had more access to healthy food. Healthier people means an increase in population and therefore you have many more workers to operate all of these new factories and machines.

So now that you have all of these new machines and healthy people to run them you need some way to distribute theses finished products. This is where the perfection of steam engines comes in. George Stephenson developed the first steam powered locomotive; the rocket.

Even if after reading about all of the inventions that happened during the industrial revolution, you still do not believe that it was a material revolution, look at basis of it all. The industrial revolution was to create industries that could produce finished products multiple times faster than at the present time, which in fact leads to more money. You can say that the reason this revolution happened was because people wanted to be able to have more material things and to live healthier but really in order to do that you have to have money. Look at the reason that British craftsmen were leaving Britain (the country that was ahead of everyone and had more capitol); it was because wages were two or three times larger abroad. It was all for the money and the material things that you could buy with it.